Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Experiencing trauma can be from a life-threatening event like witnessing death or seeing a serious injury. Trauma can be a single incident, like a fire or a car accident, or it can be complex, involving repeated events such as childhood abuse or domestic violence.
Around 70% of people will experience a traumatic event in their life. After experiencing trauma, it’s usual to notice changes in mood, increased anxiety or difficulty sleeping. For most people, these challenges are temporary and improve within a few months. However, for some, these difficulties persist for much longer. When this happens, it may lead to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It’s a lot more common than you think: an estimated 1 in 3 people who experience a traumatic event are expected to develop PTSD.
Common myths about PTSD
only people in the army get PTSD
While PTSD is often associated with military personnel due to their exposure to combat, it can affect anyone who has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event. This includes survivors of natural disasters, serious accidents, personal assaults or abuse.
trauma always leads to PTSD
Not everyone who experiences trauma will develop PTSD. Many people go through traumatic events and experience temporary distress but can recover with time and support. Factors such as the nature of the trauma, resilience and the availability of support systems play significant roles in whether someone develops PTSD.
only men get PTSD
PTSD can affect anyone, regardless of gender. In fact, women are around twice more likely than men to develop PTSD following a traumatic event. One contributing factor can be the higher rates of sexual trauma experienced by women, which is a type of trauma strongly associated with PTSD.
what is PTSD?
Trauma refers to the emotional and psychological response to a deeply distressing or disturbing event that overwhelms a person’s ability to cope. Traumatic events can range from a car crash to the sudden death of a loved one. It can also include medical emergencies or other life-threatening situations like terrorist acts, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assaults.
Trauma can in some cases turn into Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This will depend on several different factors, both personal and relating to the trauma itself.
PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Key symptoms include:
- Re-experiencing the event (e.g., dreams or intrusive thoughts about what happened)
- Avoiding places, people or activities that remind us of the trauma
- Dissociation
- Altered feelings or mood (e.g., depression, anxiety, agitation)
- Voices and sensory disturbances.
what is complex PTSD?
In other cases, from prolonged and repeated interpersonal trauma, particularly in childhood, a condition called complex PTSD (CPTSD) can develop. This can result in unique development of a negative view of self and fearful and threating interpretation of others. This is encompassed by three additional criteria:
- Emotional dysregulation (e.g., mood swings, anger, panic attacks)
- Negative self-concept (shame, guilt, worthlessness)
- Difficulties with close relationships (isolation, distrust).
risk factors
While several factors will influence who develops PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event, these have been identified by a study looking at 2,647 studies of PTSD as risk factors:
- Previous trauma
- Coping skills
- Family history of mental health
- Perceived life threat during the trauma
- Social support after experiencing trauma
- Emotional responses during experiencing trauma
- Dissociation during experiencing trauma
“Looking back, I can see I’ve lived with trauma my whole life because trauma doesn’t erupt from nothing, there has to be roots somewhere. But like many people, I had tried to just get on with it and put the past behind me, focus on the future. But I consistently found that whenever I tried to take steps to create more of the life that I want, I would get so far before old feelings would start to surface and I’d feel like I got pulled right back into the same space of ‘why am I feeling like this? I can’t deal with this stuff.’”
Antony talks about his experience with PTSD and how Change Mental Health‘s The Signature Project service in Edinburgh has supported him. Read more here.
I think I have PTSD; what should I do?
The good news is that we can recover from PTSD if we take some steady yet concrete steps and get support. While it is important to get medical help, it is important to also talk about our thoughts and feelings to friends, family or people who have had similar experiences in our community. Here are some ways you can support yourself:
Plan ahead
It can be helpful to create a detailed plan for your day. It can provide a sense of control and help you feel more prepared for whatever comes your way. When planning, include breaks or quiet moments for yourself if needed. During these periods, try to schedule fun and distracting activities to help you relax, lift your mood and unwind from any symptoms or emotions that may arise.
Remind yourself you are safe
In moments of distress, grounding yourself in the knowledge that you are secure can be a powerful coping strategy. Simple, helpful reminders like “I’m not in danger” can help reset your brain during a triggering experience. Attempting to learn a new skill during a triggering experience can be difficult. It is useful to practice this technique repeatedly before you experience one again.
Communicate boundaries and establish a support buddy system
Let friends and family know about your feelings and boundaries. Clear communication helps them understand how to support you during certain situations. Identify someone you trust to be your support person. Having a friend or family member by your side can provide reassurance and understanding.
Choose a comfortable location with familiar items
Choose a secure location, whether at home or at a private event, to prioritise your safety. Bring familiar items like a favourite movie or soothing music for comfort and control. If you plan to stay home, consider getting a weighted blanket. With the pressure applied to your body, your nervous system starts to relax.
Breathing and grounding
Practice deep breathing to counter anxiety. Deep breaths signal the brain to calm down. In a crisis, repeat this practice for effectiveness. Try slow breathing, with an emphasis on belly breathing. Inhale for 3 to 4 counts, exhale for 6 to 8 counts. Focus on the cool air in and the warm air out. Try grounding techniques, such as feeling the texture of an object or observing your surroundings.
how do I support someone with PTSD?
Supporting someone with PTSD can be challenging, but your support can make a significant difference in their recovery. Here are some effective ways to support someone with PTSD:
Educate yourself
Understanding PTSD is crucial when supporting someone who has it. Knowledge will equip you to respond more empathetically and effectively. There are numerous resources available, including books, articles and self-help guides on the NHS inform website.
Listen and validate
Listening without judgement while validating their feelings can make a significant difference. Allow your loved one to talk about their experiences and emotions at their own pace, without pushing them to share more than they are comfortable with. Acknowledge their pain and let them know that their reactions are understandable and valid.
Encourage treatment
Encourage your loved one to seek help from a professional, particularly from one who specialises in PTSD, and support them through their treatment journey. This might involve helping them find a suitable therapist, offering to accompany them to appointments or simply being a source of encouragement as they navigate their treatment plan.
Create a safe environment
Creating a safe and stable environment means being mindful of their triggers and working to minimise stressors in their surroundings. Establishing a routine can provide a sense of normality and security. Respect their boundaries and understand that certain places, sounds or situations might be overwhelming for them.
contact
Our Advice and Support Service is open Monday to Friday, 10 am to 4 pm (closed for lunch between 12.30pm and 1.30pm), where advisers can signpost you to local support that most fits your needs, including our Change Mental Health services. We offer initial advice on money worries and help to deal with emergencies.
Contact 0808 8010 515, email us at advice@changemh.org or fill out the enquiry form on the Advice and Support Service page.
Other support
- The Signature Project in Edinburgh offers tailored support for men over 16 who have experienced trauma. It provides one-to-one sessions, stress management and peer support groups. The service aims to create a safe and non-judgmental environment where men can connect and communicate with one another.
The Signature Project accepts both agency and self-referrals and can be contacted on 0131 374 7008 or by email at signature@changemh.org.
- PTSD UK offers extensive resources on PTSD and C-PTSD, including symptoms, treatments and personal stories, aimed at helping those affected by trauma. PTSD UK also runs various campaigns and events to support individuals and families coping with PTSD.
- Combat Stress provides mental health support for veterans suffering from conditions like PTSD. They offer a range of services, including an intensive PTSD treatment programme, peer support, and occupational therapy, helping veterans manage their symptoms and reintegrate into civilian life.
